SQL Tutorial 4: Database Fundamentals
SQL Tutorial 4: Database Fundamentals and SQL Language Elements
i) Database Fundamentals
ii) SQL Language Elements
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i) Database Fundamentals
• Database Server instance contains multiple databases
• Database contains multiple Tables
• Table contains multiple records (rows and columns)
What is a Database?
• A Database is a systematic collection of data.
• Databases support storage and manipulation of data
• Databases make data management easy.
Table and Record
• A Table in a Relational Database is a predefined format of rows and columns that define an entity.
• Each column contains a differnt type of attribute and each ror coresponds to a single record
• Each Table is provided with a name.
Example: Table name: Students
SID Name Address ContactNo
10001 abcd errtt,ttt 9878787878
10002 xyz fwew,er 8786767676
What is DBMS?
• A Database management System is software designed to assist in maintaining and utilizing large collection of data.
• The alternative to use a DBMS is to store the data in files and write application specific code to manage it.
Using a DBMS to manage data has many advantages:
• Data Independence
• Efficient Data Access
• Data Integrity and security
• Data Administration
• Concurrent Access and Data Recovery
etc…

Database Fundamentals for Beginners
Types of Database Management System
1) Hierarchical DBMS
2) Network DBMS
3) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
Ex: Oracle, MS SQL Server, MySQL, DB2 etc…
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ii) SQL Language Elements
1) Identifiers:
Names of Database Objects such as Tables, Views, Columns etc…
2) Data Types:
Define the type of data that is contained by a Column
3) Constants:
Symbols that represent specific data types
4) Operators:
Perform Arithmetic, Comparison, and Logical Operations
5) Functions: Built-in Functions to perform specific operations
6) Clauses:
Constituent components of statements and queries.
7) Expressions:
Produce scalar values, or tables containing of columns and rows of data.
8) Queries:
Retrieve the data based on specific criteria, this an important element of SQL.
9) Statements Etc…
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Create – It is a Command
Create Database gcreddyabc – It is a Statement
Oracle
Create Database gcreddyabc – It create a Database called gcreddyabc in Oracle RDBMS
MS SQL Server
Create Database gcreddyabc – It create a Database called gcreddyabc in MS SQL Server RDBMS
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Use / Practice SQL
SQL is used to communicate with databases, it is the Standard Language for
Relational Database management Systems.
Database Engine is required to use/practice SQL Commands/Queries, we can use any
Database Engine either Oracle, MySQL or MS SQL Server etc…
MS SQL Server:
MS SQL Server is a Commercial Software but Microsoft providing Free Edition also.
Microsoft SQL Server Express Edition
Download and Install MS SQL Server Express Edition
(Windows 7 – MS SQL Server 2014 Express Edition,
Windows 10 – 2014 or 2016 Express Edition)
After In Editor,
Write SQL statements and Execute.
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SQL Step by Step Tutorials
https://www.gcreddy.com/2016/08/sql-tutorials.html
SQL Tutorial 1: Introduction to SQL
https://www.gcreddy.com/2016/07/introduction-to-sql.html
SQL Tutorial 2: SQL Overview
https://www.gcreddy.com/2016/08/sql-overview.html
SQL Tutorial 3: SQL Environment Setup
https://www.gcreddy.com/2016/09/sql-environment-setup.html
SQL Tutorial 4: Database Fundamentals and SQL Language Elements
https://www.gcreddy.com/2016/11/database-fundamentals-and-sql-language.html
SQL Tutorial 5: Data Definition Language
https://www.gcreddy.com/2016/11/sql-data-definition-language.html
SQL Tutorial 6: Data Manipulation Language
https://www.gcreddy.com/2017/06/sql-tutorial-6-data-manipulation.html
SQL Tutorial 7: SQL Operators
https://www.gcreddy.com/2017/06/sql-operators.html
SQL Tutorial 8: The Select Query
https://youtu.be/kid__0MNRps
SQL Tutorial 9: SQL Joins
https://youtu.be/K6U_WtYb-xQ
SQL Tutorial 10: SQL Functions
https://youtu.be/kgNnLWRZOiI
SQL Tutorial 11: SQL Comments
https://youtu.be/fg11vHRSsk0
SQL Tutorial 12: SQL Date Functions
https://youtu.be/EcanQwCjdWQ
Top 10 Database Management Systems
https://youtu.be/9R8xVrMgOb8
SQL vs. NoSQL Databases
https://youtu.be/1rX4yTqxdfQ
SQL Interview Questions and Answers
https://www.gcreddy.com/2013/01/sql-interview-questions.html
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